ELAPSE Project Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University. Critical Loads and Dynamic Risk Assessments: Nitrogen, The European Union would save 161 billion euros a year if deaths caused by air pollution were diminished. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. Environ Pollut. Short-term effects of air pollution on hospital admissions The role of the European Community is to promote and support such actions. The reduction of air pollution can be achieved through industrial upgrading, vehicle and fuel renovation, alternative energies, improvements in public transportation, city development programmes to reduce transportation and increase pedestrian areas and systematic health education to reduce both air pollution emissions at individual level and personal exposure by avoiding polluted zones. This book describes the development of cost effective abatement strategies aimed at controlling air pollutant emissions in Europe, particularly ground level ozone. , 95 Yongan Road, Xicheng district, Beijing 100050, China. Air pollution and cardiovascular diseases in young adults Five West European cities (i.e., London, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Paris, Milano) contributed several years of hospital admissions dat Climate change impacts on human health over Europe through This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Monitoring Ambient Air Quality for Health Impact Assessment Air Pollution in Europe - Koolen - 2019 - ChemSusChem Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control Hence the question The air of Europe, where are we going? This review describes the current air quality situation and the progression of air quality guidelines in Europe and presents possible solutions to reduce emissions and individual exposure in view of the prevention of air pollution-related diseases, in particular respiratory diseases. The air pollution and meteo-climatic maps were placed on top of the European map of UNESCO sites mentioned previously. Indoor air pollution (IAP) constitutes a major global public health problem requiring increasing efforts in research and policymaking that may have special significance for elderly that are likely to spend most of their day indoors and appear to be particularly susceptible to adverse effects of chemical pollutants and bio-contaminants. The neurological effects of air pollution in children With practical examples of survey tools, the attention given to methodological approaches makes this text an important resource for policy professionals as well as housing, planning and public health academics. Very easy to set up, they only require a WIFI access point and a USB power supply. Health Risks of Ozone from Long-range Transboundary Air Luxembourg, European Environment Agency, 2016. The emissions from ships engaged in international trade in the seas surrounding Europe - the Baltic, the North Sea, the north-eastern part of the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea - are . EHP This directive sets national reduction commitments for the five pollutants (SO2, NOx, VOCs, ammonia and fine particulate matter) responsible for acidification, eutrophication and ground-level O3 pollution. These results provide adequate evidence that health effects--particularly short-term--of the currently measured urban air pollution levels exist. Beyond weather patterns, two greenhouse emissions carbon dioxide and particulate matter, are major pollutants contributing to the high levels of air pollution. Air pollution is one of the biggest environmental problems of our time. In 20112013, the Commission conducted a review of EU air policy, which resulted in the adoption of the Clean Air Policy Package. Air Pollution and Cardiac Arrhythmias: A Comprehensive Review. Air pollution can cause respiratory diseases and reduce life expectancy. This study examines the relationship between health and air pollution using a novel approach that allows differentiation between potential and observed health. The EU's 'Zero Pollution Action Plan' aims to reduce the number of premature deaths from particulate matter by more than 55 percent from 2005-2030. Commentary on the paper by Filleul et al (see page 453) There is an extensive documentation in Europe and North America about the short term effects of air pollution (especially particulate pollution) on health and a general consensus about their order of magnitude.1 In contrast, long term effects, which are potentially very important, have been addressed in only a few cohort studies. 2018 Apr;235:576-588. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.001. Background: Long-term exposure to air pollution has been hypothesized to elevate arterial blood pressure (BP). Other groups, such as socially disadvantaged and poorly educated populations, may be more vulnerable due to higher exposure. PM 2.5 air pollution is also associated with accelerated memory problems and Alzheimer's-like brain declines, which was seen among women 65 years of age and older. "Today's results are a wake-up call for decision makers in Europe to take the air pollution problem more seriously," asaid Anne Stauffer from the Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL). Particulate matter is a component of ambient air pollution that has been linked to millions of annual premature deaths globally 1,2,3.Assessments of the chronic and acute effects of particulate . 13. An analytical framework, Epidemiological time series studies of PM, Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution, Pulmonary health effects of air pollution, Respiratory effects of air pollution on children, Developing and emerging clinical asthma phenotypes, Short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter increases hospitalizations and mortality in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: shifting the paradigm, Long-term exposure to air pollution and the incidence of asthma: meta-analysis of cohort studies, The global contribution of outdoor air pollution to the incidence, prevalence, mortality and hospital admission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE), Mechanisms of the acute effects of inhaled ozone in humans, Diesel exhaust particles and airway inflammation, Airborne particulate matter and human health: toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms, Association of improved air quality with lung development in children, Long-term exposure to traffic emissions and fine particulate matter and lung function decline in the Framingham Heart Study, Impact of air pollution on the burden of chronic respiratory diseases in China: time for urgent action, European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy, EU Air Quality Policy and WHO Guideline Values for Health, Luxembourg, European Environment Agency, 2015. People who breathe in the pollution may get sick. Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address, 7 Million Premature Deaths Annually Linked to Air Pollution, Premature Deaths Attributable to Air Pollution, A joint ERS/ATS policy statement: what constitutes an adverse health effect of air pollution? In Europe, emissions of many air pollutants have decreased substantially over the past decades, resulting in improved air quality across the region. Eastern Europe also has major air pollution problems, and in some countries, air pollution accounts for 0.6 to 1.4 percent of the total disability-adjusted life years from mortality. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days. Major air pollutants monitored in Europe include gases such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and particulate matter. On the 25th-27th of October 2004 a workshop on review and assessment of the scientific basis and tools employed in this policy work was held to provide guidance to the policy development. The new directive ensures that the emission ceilings for 2010 set in the previous directive shall apply until 2020. It is based on the results of a comprehensive review of scientific evidence organized by the World Health Organization in support of air pollution policy development in Europe () The review indicates that air pollution at current levels 1999). It provides a response to a question posed by the European Commission in the framework of the WHO "Health risks of air pollution in Europe - HRAPIE" project. UFPs have a negligible mass and therefore have to be counted. Prevention and treatment information (HHS). MeSH The ESCAPE project will significantly increase knowledge on the health effects of air pollution exposure and will develop a database for quantitative estimates of the health impacts of air pollution for the four health outcome groups. In recent years, several studies in Europe have associated within-city contrasts in air pollution with various health end points including mortality in cohort studies of adults, and respiratory . Recent results suggest that adverse health effects of air pollution exist at levels of pollutants around or even below air quality standards set by national and international institutions. It sets out a systematic review of the literature and a comprehensive evaluation of the health hazards of transport-related air pollution, including factors determining emissions, the contribution of traffic to pollution levels, human Ozone is a highly oxidative compound formed in the lower atmosphere (from gases originating to a large extent from anthropogenic sources) by photochemistry driven by solar radiation. In educating patients, physicians should encourage awareness of daily air quality, which can be found in weather broadcasts, on websites or through the use of notifications provided via email or an app and should provide recommendations for reducing exposure by basing activity on the air quality and on the patient's level of risk. Find out below how the European Commission proposes to address air pollution in Europe. Introduction. To this end, a panel data from 29 European countries for the periods 2005 and 2018 is used. Particles are considered primary or secondary, according to whether they are directly emitted from a stationary and mobile sources (primary particles) or formed in the air (secondary particles) by transformation of gaseous emissions. Air quality depends on the air pollutants chosen to be regulated and the systematicity of their monitoring. BaP has been taken as an indicator for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This book reviews the sources of the air pollutants responsible for building damage and the mechanisms involved. Introduction. The latest data available from the EEA Air Quality e-Reporting database [23] show that EU limit values were still not respected at one or more stations, in urban areas overall, in the EU 28 member states during 2014. Environment at a Glance 2020 presents a digest of major environmental trends in areas such as climate change, biodiversity, water resources, air quality and circular economy. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please Air pollution has long been associated with detrimental effects on human health, from the treaty presented by John Evelyn, a founding member of the Royal Society, to King Charles II in 1661 describing the effect of exposure to the "aer and smoake of London" on residents, to well-documented air pollution episodes such as the great smog of London in 1952. More importantly, air pollution is responsible for intermediate respiratory phenotypes such as upper and lower respiratory symptoms [3], airway inflammation and decreased lung function and lung growth leading to respiratory health impairment [1520]. In this book, leading scientists review the current state of knowledge in this emerging field of research, providing the reader with a process understanding of global-scale transport and its influence on the atmosphere's chemical ERR articles are open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence 4.0. 2011 Nov;(163):3-79. Careers. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. However, some figures and Supplemental It says about 400,000 people each year die sooner than they would have without air pollution. In Europe, particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10m (PM10) and 2.5m (PM2.5), the so-called fine particles, are monitored and regulated, the latter only recently and on an annual basis. The risk is more pronounced among racial minorities and lower-income people. Addressed to policy-makers as well as scientists engaged in air quality monitoring, the book responds to the failure of most monitoring systems to provide data that are useful in estimating and managing threats to health. Results indicate that with regard to particulate matters, those with a diameter of less than 2.5 m, are the ones that have the greatest impact on the health of European citizens, more so than larger particles (with a diameter between 10 and 2.5 m). ).Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges: Understanding and Solutions from Forest Research. It is one of our greatest social and environmental problems, with terrible consequences. This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic consequences of outdoor air pollution in the coming decades, focusing on the impacts on mortality, morbidity, and changes in crop yields as caused by high concentrations of This book provides a unique overview of research methods over the past 25 years assessing critical loads and temporal effects of the deposition of air pollutants. These should include a more accurate and detailed monitoring of air pollutants, reduction of emissions and individual behaviour changes. Air pollution is a leading cause of illness and death - usually from heart disease, stroke, lung disease or lung cancer - and Europe's biggest environmental health risk. 1 More recently, a 5 day smog period in 1985 in North-Rhine Westphalia put an estimated 4000 Germans in the hospital as a result of respiratory and . In addition, many new biomarkers of respiratory effects have been developed and applied in air pollution studies. Very easy to set up, they only require a WIFI access point and a USB power supply. Epub 2021 Feb 11. This European Community-initiated book presents an up-to-date account of the air pollution situation with special reference to European cities. Lastly, recent evidence shows that air pollution is responsible for effects in organs other than the respiratory system, namely in those involved in comorbidities of respiratory diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and neurodegenerative disorders [21], thus supporting the adverse role of long-term exposure. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! This report presents an overview and analysis of air quality in Europe, from around 2002 to 2011. Yet, evidence existing on the effects of IAP in elderly is . This book discusses regional and international climate-change, air- pollution and human-health scenarios. However, information available so far does not allow an assessment of regional differences in the health effects of air pollution as far as the Mediterranean region of Europe is concerned. Once connected, air pollution levels are reported instantaneously and in real-time on our maps Global association between ambient air pollution and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Union (EU) reference values and World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines (AQGs) for the main air pollutants [22]. Yang BY, Qian Z, Howard SW, Vaughn MG, Fan SJ, Liu KK, Dong GH. Accessibility Extensive Guide. Current estimates of the joint effects of ambient and household air pollution include an estimated 7 million premature deaths globally each year, representing one in eight of the total deaths . Air pollution is recognized as one of the leading contributors to the global environmental burden of disease, even in countries with relatively low concentrations of air pollution. Air pollution continues to rise at an alarming rate, and affects economies and people's quality of life. These may not be sufficient to protect those who live far from these places or who commute. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. When the European . Epub 2020 Jul 22. The respiratory disease burden in children due to air pollution is huge, with children dying from respiratory infections in their early years in developing countries [3]. This will create a basis for refined European assessments of the health impact of exposure to air pollution. Air pollution is the main environmental risk factor for health in Europe and around the world. Southern European countries share some common characteristics in terms of climate, geography, and life activity patterns. 2021 Mar;46(3):100649. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100649. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Other cities that struggle with smog in Italy are Padova and Napoli. Five West European cities (i.e., London, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Paris, Milano) contributed several years of hospital admissions data for all respiratory causes. Although of relevance in terms of health implications, smaller particulate matter such as ultrafine particles (UFPs) of an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1m are not yet regulated in Europe. In addition, measurements of individual exposure to different pollutants, affected by the pollutant's levels in specific micro-environments and the individual's time-activity pattern, must be undertaken for a better understanding of the air pollution-health link. Developments in Environmental Science, vol. 8600 Rockville Pike The ESCAPE study will investigate long-term effects on human health of exposure to air pollution in Europe. Increasing air pollution and climate change have an impact on respiratory health and mortality, explained speakers in 2 sessions on the environment and respiratory diseases at the European . In terms of morbidity, air pollution has been related to asthma attacks, exacerbations of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and childhood respiratory infections [4, 710] following short-term exposure, and, albeit with less evidence, to the development of asthma, COPD and lung cancer following long-term exposure [1114]. This means that the air pollution in Europe has decreased. Directive 2016/2284 transposes the reduction commitments for 2020 taken by the EU and its member states under the revised Gothenburg Protocol and sets more ambitious reduction commitments only for 2030. Air pollution is a major cause of premature death and disease, and is the single largest environmental health risk in Europe. Secondly, NOx gases seem to be the ones that most affect the population's mean potential life expectancy. The review concludes that a considerable amount of new scientific information on the adverse effects on health of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide, observed at levels commonly present in Europe, has been published in recent Control measures that reduce air pollutants emissions tend to have a beneficial impact on ambient air pollutant levels and health. Once in the air, eventual wind and rain displaces the pollution into Germany, Switzerland, Italy, or England, affecting the quality of their air, health, and environment. Furthermore, there are indications that air pollution effects on health may be partly determined by specific mixtures of air pollutants and may be altered by other environmental, behavioral, and social patterns. In this context, the groups of people that are more susceptible to suffer health effects due to air pollution have to be more protected. Although air quality in Europe has become better in recent years, with fewer negative health impacts, more than 300,000 people still died prematurely due to exposure to fine particulate matter pollution in the European Union in 2019, according to a new report. Particulate matter contains dust, soot, smoke, fly ash, aerosols, fumes, mists and condensing vapours, pollen, spores, plant and insect parts and liquid droplets. Firstly, if the aim is to minimize the detrimental effects of the global production of goods and services on air quality, a greater investment in renewable energies as compared to other more polluting ones, is called for. To be effective, reduction actions must be supported by precise air quality monitoring. The existing evidence is scarce and country specific.Objectives: We investigated the cross-sectional association of long-term traffic-related air pollution with BP and prevalent hypertension in European populations.Methods: We analyzed 15 population-based cohorts, participating in the . The GAIA air quality monitoring stations are using high-tech laser particle sensors to measure in real-time PM2.5 pollution, which is one of the most harmful air pollutants. Therefore, additional initiatives to reduce air pollution emissions have to be promoted. 8-isoprostanes, club cell secretory protein). Shahrbaf MA, Akbarzadeh MA, Tabary M, Khaheshi I. Curr Probl Cardiol. Due to climate change and other factors, air pollution patterns are changing in several urbanised areas of the world, with a significant effect on respiratory health both independently and synergistically with weather conditions; climate scenarios show Europe as one of the most vulnerable regions. However, available estimates are primarily based on exposure response relationships established in studies from . . In the same period, SO2 concentrations were generally below the limit values for the protection of human health. This book presents revised guideline values for the four most common air pollutants - particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide - based on a recent review of the accumulated scientific evidence. The London low emission zone baseline study. This paper summarizes the evidence about the health effects of air pollution from particulate matter and their implications for policy-makers, with the aim of stimulating the development of more effective strategies to reduce air pollution and its health effects in the countries of eastern Europe, the Caucasus and central Asia. This report presents an overview and analysis of air quality in Europe, from around 2002 to 2011. Three air pollutants reviewed by the WHO In Europe, Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) pollutes the air mainly as a result of road traffic and energy production. In large cities, over 80% of fatal pollutants that cause lung damage come from cars, buses, motorcycles and other vehicles on the road. Furthermore, there are indications that air pollution effects on health may be partly determined by specific mixtures of air pollutants and may be altered by other environmental, behavioral, and social . Premature deaths caused by fine particle air pollution have fallen 10% annually across Europe, but the invisible killer still accounts for . Large epidemiological studies indicated that air pollution was a significant source of premature deaths and that particles were a main cause of the health effects (WHO 2018). Particulate matter is the sum of all solid and liquid particles suspended in air that result from both anthropogenic (traffic, domestic combustion, agricultural operations, industrial processes, combustion of wood and fossil fuels and construction and demolition activities) and natural (windblown dust, wildfires and volcano eruptions) activities. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that each year 7million people die (one in eight of total global deaths) as a result of air pollution exposure [1]. However, noting recent initiatives set for the energy transformation, we can expect that may change in the third decade of the XXI century. Lewtas J Mutat Res , 636(1-3):95-133, 17 Aug 2007 However, action to prevent its health effects is possible. Summing up, Bulgaria, Poland, and Italy were definitely the European leaders in air pollution levels for 2020, just as in the previous years. However, air pollutant concentrations are still too high, and air quality problems persist. Air pollution constitutes one of the main threats to public health in Europe. The analysis, published by the European . The annual mean concentration of fine particles (PM2.5) in urban areas of the EU was 19.4 g/m3 in 2011. Additional efforts must be made to comply with current standards and guidelines. This book will be useful to international, federal, state, and local policy makers responsible for understanding and managing air pollution and its impacts on human health and well-being. In establishing pollutant levels below which exposure does not constitute a significant public health risk, the guidelines provide a basis for setting standards or limit values for air pollutants. Air pollution from roads causes at least 70bn (62bn) in health damage every year in the European Union, according to a new report, with diesel fumes responsible for three-quarters of the harm.
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